Term Paper About Atmosphere

Study of Earth processes over millennia demonstrates that both the land ice volume and ocean volume respond to global mean surface temperature (IPCC ).Two time periods were investigated for removing annual emissions traced to major carbon producers.

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Example of one winter with two major stratospheric sudden warmings, simulated with a fully-coupled chemistry-climate model.

Researchers have quantified the contributions of industrialized and developing nations’ historical emissions to global surface temperature rise.

Reflecting this principle, the Paris Agreement establishes common commitments, for example to global net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of this century, while allowing flexibility in mitigation efforts to accommodate different national capacities and circumstances (United Nations ).

Considerable research has been devoted to assessing how national contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change might be quantified according to differing allocation schemes of responsibility and combinations of anthropogenic climate forcers (UNFCCC ).

Modeling the complex interactions between dynamical, physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere from the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) to the Earth’s surface and its interaction with the ocean circulation is necessary to understand the underlying physical mechanisms. Katja Matthes GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Western Shore Duesternbrooker Weg 2024105 Kiel Germanykmatthes(at)Tel.: 49 4 Personal Assistent: Silke Gesinnsgesinn(at)Tel.: 49 4 Dr. Robin Pilch Kedzierski (Scientist)rpilch(at)Tel.: 49 4 Dr.

Observations on the other hand are an important component for monitoring atmosphere-ocean interactions as well as improving and validating climate models. Karl Bumke (Scientist)kbumke(at)Tel.: 49 4 Davina Bibiella (Manager of Baltic Gender (Horizon 2020))dbibiella(at)Tel.: 49 4 Dr. Sebastian Wahl (Scientific Programmer)swahl(at)Tel.: 49 4 Wolfgang Wicker (student helper)wwicker(at)Blume, Christian (Ph D thesis Freie Universität Berlin 2012; Scientist 2009-2012) Brieber, Annika (Bachelor thesis Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 2015) Ebsen, Lena (student helper WEB; Bachelor thesis Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 2015) Eirund, Gesa (student helper; Master thesis Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 2016) Dr.

These include individual high emitters regardless of nationality (Chakravarty et al. They also include the major multinational fossil energy companies at the base of the carbon supply chain, who to date have no responsibility from marketed products under existing policy regimes, but whose prospective responsibilities are receiving growing attention in scholarly, policy, institutional investment, legal, and public spheres (Leone ) emissions can be traced to the products of a small number of major industrial carbon producers; 83 producers of coal, oil, natural gas, and 7 cement manufacturers.

While recent investigations have addressed the question of how national responsibilities might be shared between producers and consumers of carbon-intensive products (Davis and Caldeira , GMST, and global sea level (GSL).

Recent findings that nearly two-thirds of total industrial CO emissions can be traced to 90 major industrial carbon producers have drawn attention to their potential climate responsibilities.

Here, we use a simple climate model to quantify the contribution of historical (1880–2010) and recent (1980–2010) emissions traced to these producers to the historical rise in global atmospheric CO), ∼29–35% (GMST), and ∼11–14% (GSL) since 1980 (based on best-estimate parameters and accounting for uncertainty arising from the lack of data on aerosol forcings traced to producers).